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Clinical Procedures and Semen Handling Techniques
The success of an AI program depends heavily on meticulous procedure and hygienic handling of semen. Semen is typically collected using an Artificial Vagina (AV) or electro-ejaculation, after which it is evaluated for volume, concentration, and motility.
For storage, semen is diluted with an extender—a solution that provides nutrients and protection against temperature shock—and then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. During the insemination process, the semen straw must be thawed carefully in a warm water bath (typically $35\text{--}37^\circ\text{C}$) for 20–40 seconds. The most common clinical method in cattle is the Recto-Vaginal Technique, where the technician inserts one gloved hand into the rectum to guide the insemination gun through the cervix, ensuring the semen is deposited directly into the uterus for maximum conception rates.